The female flower is (8–14 mm long) and is larger than the individual male flowers (only 3–5 mm) and is produced individually on the plant. The jojoba male has a united inflorescence cluster composed of 7 to 36 individual flowers. Jojoba ( Simmondsia chinensis) is dioecious and drought resistant plant native to North America. In dioecious spinach ( Spinacia oleraceaL.) RNA-Seq analysis was used on male and female spinach flowers to understand the sex differentiation mechanism, revealing a total of 2965 DEGs between male and female flowers. In asparagus, around 4876 DEGs were determined as the likely sex-determining stage of female and male flower buds. The results showed over 10,500 DEGs, of which around 200 were linked with male or female flower development. In Cannabis sativa, RNA-Seq was applied to determine differentially expressed genes that were associated with the development of male or female plants. The RNA-seq data could be used in differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis to provide a molecular basis for revealing differences at the transcriptional levels between male and female flowers in some dioecious plants. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) is a powerful technology used in transcriptome analysis to obtain a global understanding of biological pathways because it is an efficient approach for gene expression analysis at the transcriptome level. Understanding the differences between male and female plants in dioecious species will assist the development of sex markers and provide a strong genomic foundation to understanding sex differentiation through reproductive flower organ development. Sex determination is affected by environmental factors, and the genetic systems in some dioecious plants. The dioecious species either evolved from hermaphrodites by termination of the androecium or gynoecium (e.g., Silene latifolia) or the differentiation of the sexes in the plants occurs before the initiation of the reproductive part of the flowers (e.g., in Populus). The evolutionary mechanisms that may explain the development of dioecious species have been described in detail. Many genes, largely with unknown functions, may explain the sexual dimorphisms in jojoba plants and the differentiation of male and female flowers.ĭioecious plant species have male and female flowers on separate individuals and represent only 6% of flowering plant species. The male specific parts of the Y chromosome encoded 12 very highly expressed genes including 9 novel genes and 3 known genes associated with TFs and a plant hormone which may play an important role in flower development. The highest number of DEG were linked with the Y chromosome in male plants. The most differentially expressed genes were associated with reproductive organ development. A total of 8938 up-regulated and 7985 down-regulated genes were identified in comparison between male and female flowers, including many novel genes specific to the jojoba plant. Genes involved in plant hormone metabolism were also found to be associated with flower and pollen development. Many genes, including those responsible for plant environmental responses and those encoding transcription factors (TFs), were specific to male or female reproductive organs. This represented 40% of the annotated genes in the genome. ResultsĪ total of 16,923 differentially expressed genes (DEG) were identified between the flowers of the male and female jojoba plants. The genome sequence of male and female plants was recently reported and revealed an X and Y chromosome system, with two large male-specific insertions in the Y chromosome. Jojoba is a dioecious plant that is drought-tolerant and native to arid areas. Dioecious plants have male and female flowers on separate plants.
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